![]() The modular assemblage and the mooring system (including position of connections) are primary points of concern for this kind of structures. In the latter case the efficiency is higher, but the forces between modules are higher. Connections are either flexible, allowing preferably only the roll along the breakwater axis, or pre- or post-tensioned, to make them act as a single unit. The first three types have been more widely investigated by means of physical models and prototype experience than the last one.įloating breakwaters often consist of several interconnected modules. Breakwater layout: Floating breakwaters can usually be rearranged into a new layout with minimum effort.įloating breakwaters are commonly divided into four general categories :įor each category, some types of floating breakwaters are shown in Figures 1 - 5.Visual impact: Floating breakwaters have a low profile and present a minimum intrusion on the horizon, particularly for areas with high tide ranges.They may be suitable for areas where summer anchorage or moorage is required. Ice problems: Floating breakwaters can be removed and towed to protected areas if ice formation is a problem.Water quality: Floating breakwaters present a minimum interference with water circulation and fish migration.Deep water: In water depths in excess of 6 m, bottom connected breakwaters are often more expensive than floating breakwaters.Poor foundation: Floating breakwaters might be a proper solution where poor foundations possibilities prohibit the application of bottom supported breakwaters.Some of the conditions that favour floating breakwaters are : Therefore, they are used for protecting small craft harbours or marinas or, less frequently, the shoreline, aiming at erosion control. They can be effective in coastal areas with mild wave environment conditions (significant wave height not much greater than 1 m and wave periods of 4 s or less ). 15 (1976): Proceedings of 15th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976.Figure 1 Example of floating box-breakwater (Fezzano,SP-Italy courtesy of INGEMAR srl)įloating breakwaters provide a relatively cheap solution to protect an area from wave attack, compared to conventional fixed breakwaters. 21 (1988): Proceedings of 21st Conference on Coastal Engineering, Torremolinos, Spain, 1988.ģ-D HYDRAULIC MODEL OF WAVES GENERATED BY DISPLACEMENTSĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. MIXING OF THERMAL DISCHARGES IN COASTAL WATERSĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. ![]() 16 (1978): Proceedings of 16th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, 1978. ![]() WIND-GENERATED WAVE DIFFRACTION BY BREAKWATER GAPĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. ![]() 8 (1962): Proceedings of 8th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico, 1962. 13 (1972): Proceedings of 13th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 1972.ĪTTENUATION OF WIND WAVES BY A HYDRAULIC BREAKWATERĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. 9 (1964): Proceedings of 9th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 1964.ĮXCITATION OF WAVES INSIDE A BOTTOMLESS HARBORĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. 17 (1980): Proceedings of 17th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Sydney, Australia, 1980.Ĭoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. TSUNAMIS ALONG WEST COAST OF LUZON, PHILIPPINESĬoastal Engineering Proceedings: No. The concept of multiple use of reservoirs is resulting in the construction of marinas for recreational boating requiring breakwaters that can function for a large range of water levels A typical set of design criteria is an average water depth of 20 to 25 feet, wave lengths from S to 60 feet (wave periods of from 1 to 4 seconds) and wave heights from J to 5 feet Calculations based on Bulson's results showed a pneumatic breakwater to be too expensive An extensive literature search revealed that floating structures based upon the concepts of large effective mass or moment of inertia resulting from "entrained" water, or structures which can dissipate energy might be more effective than one of the floating bag types of breakwaters Several new-types of moored floating structures which combined two or more of the concepts mentioned above were tested in a wave tank, and several of the devices appear to have merit in that they were reasonably small compared with the longest design wave length and could reduce the highest design incident wave height to less than one foot, prototype, in the lee of the breakwater.
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